Tìm hiểu về NH3 trong nước hồ Koi

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Khi nói đến chơi cá, không riêng gì cá Koi, thì phải nói đến chơi nước, mà khi chơi nước, thì chuyện đầu tiên chúng ta cần phải quan tâm đến là quản lý hàm lượng của độc tố ammonia tích tụ trong nước. Độc tố ammonia là loại độc tố có tác hại mạnh nhất đối với các con cá của chúng ta . Ammonia tích tụ nhiều hay ít trong nước là qua sự phóng tiết qua cơ quan bài tiết của cá Koi phóng thải phân/nước tiểu cũng như sự phân huỷ của các loại thức ăn dư thừa trong nước.

Ammonia rất độc hại vì khi hiện hữu ở hàm lượng cao, sẽ làm bỏng đi các mô tế bào mang của cá, làm phỏng da và đường ruột của cá. Nếu tình trạng không được khác phục trong một thời gian ngắn, thì hậu quả cuối cùng sẻ đưa đến cái chết của cá! Đó là trong các trường hợp bị ngộ độc ammonia cấp tính. Thế còn các trường hợp ngộ độc ammonia trong các trường hợp kinh niên, khi hàm lượng ammonia không đủ để giết cá ngay, và không đủ để có thể đo lường được qua các test kit, nhưng vẩn hiện hữu trong nước, thì sao? Trong các trường hợp hàm lượng ammonia thường trực hiện hữu trong nước, không được thanh tẩy kịp thời, thì các hậu quả của sự ngộ độc kinh niên này là: cá sẻ chậm lớn, cá sẽ mất màu, và hệ thống miễn nhiểm của cá sẽ suy yếu đi và sẽ tạo gia tăng sự nhiễm trùng cơ hội

nitrogen-cycleTiêu chuẩn chất lượng nước dùng cho nuôi koi hay cá nói chung về chỉ tiêu Amoni:

• Ammonia (NH3) <0.01
• Ammonium (NH4+) 0.2-2 mg/l

Tại sao vậy?? trong nước Ammonia phản ứng với nước theo phương trình thận nghịch sau:

NH3 + H2O = OH- + NH4+

Ion NH4+ không độc với cá. NH3 ở dạng tự do (free ammonia) chính là nguyên nhân gây độc tính cho cá. Trong khi đó tất cả cá test mà ta đo đều cho ra kết quả là tổng nồng độ của NH4+ và NH3. Vậy làm sao để biết nồng độ NH3 trong nước?

Nồng độ NH3 tự do trong nước phụ thuộc vào các yếu tố sau: tổng nồng độ của NH4+ và NH3; nồng độ muối trong nước; nhiệt độ; và pH

Tổng nồng độ của NH4+ và NH3 hiển nhiên không cần giải thích

Độ muối trong nước càng cao thì độc tính NH3 càng giảm

Nhiệt độ càng thấp thì độc tính của NH3 càng giảm

pH càng cao thì độc tính của NH3 càng cao

Có rất nhiều trang web tính toán NH3 dạng tự do

VD: http://www.hamzasreef.com/Contents/Calculators/FreeAmmonia.php
(bỏ qua nồng độ muối) http://www.cnykoi.com/calculators/calcnh3c.asp

Xem thêm:

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